drdo syllabus

Electrical Engineering - EE

Electric Circuits and Fields: Network graph, KCL, KVL, node and mesh analysis, transient response of dc
and ac networks; sinusoidal steady-state analysis, resonance, basic filter concepts; ideal current and voltage
sources, Thevenin’s, Norton’s and Superposition and Maximum Power Transfer theorems, two-port networks,
three phase circuits; Gauss Theorem, electric field and potential due to point, line, plane and spherical charge
distributions; Ampere’s and Biot-Savart’s laws; inductance; dielectrics; capacitance.
Signals and Systems: Representation of continuous and discrete-time signals; shifting and scaling operations;
linear, time-invariant and causal systems; Fourier series representation of continuous periodic signals; sampling
theorem; Fourier, Laplace and Z transforms.
Electrical Machines: Single phase transformer - equivalent circuit, phasor diagram, tests, regulation and
efficiency; three phase transformers - connections, parallel operation; auto-transformer; energy conversion
principles; DC machines - types, windings, generator characteristics, armature reaction and commutation,
starting and speed control of motors; three phase induction motors - principles, types, performance
characteristics, starting and speed control; single phase induction motors; synchronous machines -
performance, regulation and parallel operation of generators, motor starting, characteristics and applications;
servo and stepper motors.
Power Systems: Basic power generation concepts; transmission line models and performance; cable
performance, insulation; corona and radio interference; distribution systems; per-unit quantities; bus impedance
and admittance matrices; load flow; voltage control; power factor correction; economic operation; symmetrical
components; fault analysis; principles of over-current, differential and distance protection; solid state relays
and digital protection; circuit breakers; system stability concepts, swing curves and equal area criterion; HVDC
transmission and FACTS concepts.
Control Systems: Principles of feedback; transfer function; block diagrams; steady-state errors; Routh and
Niquist techniques; Bode plots; root loci; lag, lead and lead-lag compensation; state space model; state
transition matrix, controllability and observability.
Electrical and Electronic Measurements: Bridges and potentiometers; PMMC, moving iron, dynamometer
and induction type instruments; measurement of voltage, current, power, energy and power factor; instrument
transformers; digital voltmeters and multimeters; phase, time and frequency measurement; Q-meters;
oscilloscopes; potentiometric recorders; error analysis.
Analog and Digital Electronics: Characteristics of diodes, BJT, FET; amplifiers - biasing, equivalent circuit
and frequency response; oscillators and feedback amplifiers; operational amplifiers - characteristics and
applications; simple active filters; VCOs and timers; combinational and sequential logic circuits; multiplexer;
Schmitt trigger; multi-vibrators; sample and hold circuits; A/D and D/A converters; 8-bit microprocessor
basics, architecture, programming and interfacing.
Power Electronics and Drives: Semiconductor power diodes, transistors, thyristors, triacs, GTOs, MOSFETs
and IGBTs - static characteristics and principles of operation; triggering circuits; phase control rectifiers;
bridge converters - fully controlled and half controlled; principles of choppers and inverters; basis concepts of
adjustable speed dc and ac drives.

Electronics and Communication Engineering - EC

Networks: Network graphs: matrices associated with graphs; incidence, fundamental cut set and fundamental
circuit matrices. Solution methods: nodal and mesh analysis. Network theorems: superposition, Thevenin and
Norton’s maximum power transfer, Wye-Delta transformation. Steady state sinusoidal analysis using phasors.
Linear constant coefficient differential equations; time domain analysis of simple RLC circuits, Solution of
network equations using Laplace transform: frequency domain analysis of RLC circuits. 2-port network
parameters: driving point and transfer functions. State equations for networks.
Electronic Devices: Energy bands in silicon, intrinsic and extrinsic silicon. Carrier transport in silicon:
diffusion current, drift current, mobility, and resistivity. Generation and recombination of carriers. p-n junction
diode, Zener diode, tunnel diode, BJT, JFET, MOS capacitor, MOSFET, LED, p-I-n and avalanche photo
diode, Basics of LASERs. Device technology: integrated circuits fabrication process, oxidation, diffusion, ion
implantation, photolithography, n-tub, p-tub and twin-tub CMOS process.
Analog Circuits: Small Signal Equivalent circuits of diodes, BJTs, MOSFETs and analog CMOS. Simple
diode circuits, clipping, clamping, rectifier. Biasing and bias stability of transistor and FET amplifiers.
Amplifiers: single-and multi-stage, differential and operational, feedback, and power. Frequency response of
amplifiers. Simple op-amp circuits. Filters. Sinusoidal oscillators; criterion for oscillation; single-transistor and
op-amp configurations. Function generators and wave-shaping circuits, 555 Timers. Power supplies.
Digital Circuits: Boolean algebra, minimization of Boolean functions; logic gates; digital IC families (DTL,
TTL, ECL, MOS, CMOS). Combinatorial circuits: arithmetic circuits, code converters, multiplexers, decoders,
PROMs and PLAs. Sequential circuits: latches and flip-flops, counters and shift-registers. Sample and hold
circuits, ADCs, DACs. Semiconductor memories. Microprocessor(8085): architecture, programming, memory
and I/O interfacing.
Signals and Systems: Definitions and properties of Laplace transform, continuous-time and discrete-time
Fourier series, continuous-time and discrete-time Fourier Transform, DFT and FFT, z-transform. Sampling
theorem. Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) Systems: definitions and properties; causality, stability, impulse
response, convolution, poles and zeros, parallel and cascade structure, frequency response, group delay, phase
delay. Signal transmission through LTI systems.
Control Systems: Basic control system components; block diagrammatic description, reduction of block
diagrams. Open loop and closed loop (feedback) systems and stability analysis of these systems. Signal flow
graphs and their use in determining transfer functions of systems; transient and steady state analysis of LTI
control systems and frequency response. Tools and techniques for LTI control system analysis: root loci,
Routh-Hurwitz criterion, Bode and Nyquist plots. Control system compensators: elements of lead and lag
compensation, elements of Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) control. State variable representation and
solution of state equation of LTI control systems.
Communications: Random signals and noise: probability, random variables, probability density function,
autocorrelation, power spectral density. Analog communication systems: amplitude and angle modulation and
demodulation systems, spectral analysis of these operations, superheterodyne receivers; elements of hardware,
realizations of analog communication systems; signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) calculations for amplitude
modulation (AM) and frequency modulation (FM) for low noise conditions. Fundamentals of information
theory and channel capacity theorem. Digital communication systems: pulse code modulation (PCM),
differential pulse code modulation (DPCM), digital modulation schemes: amplitude, phase and frequency shift keying schemes (ASK, PSK, FSK), matched filter receivers, bandwidth consideration and probability of error
calculations for these schemes. Basics of TDMA, FDMA and CDMA and GSM.
Electromagnetics: Elements of vector calculus: divergence and curl; Gauss’ and Stokes’ theorems, Maxwell’s
equations: differential and integral forms. Wave equation, Poynting vector. Plane waves: propagation through
various media; reflection and refraction; phase and group velocity; skin depth. Transmission lines:
characteristic impedance; impedance transformation; Smith chart; impedance matching; S parameters, pulse
excitation. Waveguides: modes in rectangular waveguides; boundary conditions; cut-off frequencies;
dispersion relations. Basics of propagation in dielectric waveguide and optical fibers. Basics of Antennas:
Dipole antennas; radiation pattern; antenna gain.